Brazil Data Center and Information

				Brazil Data Center

Real Rate of Growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and of Agriculture, Industry,
and Services Sectors, 1950-96 (in percentages)

Year	GDP	Agriculture	Industry	Services
1950	6.8	1.5	11.3	7.1
1951	4.9	0.7	6.4	9.9
1952	7.3	9.1	5.0	10.8
1953	4.7	0.2	8.7	-0.1
1954	7.8	7.9	8.7	13.0
1955	8.8	7.7	10.6	3.5
1956	2.9	-2.4	6.9	4.7
1957	7.7	9.3	5.7	9.0
1958	10.8	2.0	16.2	5.4
1959	9.8	5.3	11.9	1.2
1960	9.4	4.9	9.6	13.0
1961	8.6	7.6	10.6	11.9
1962	6.6	5.5	7.8	3.3
1963	0.6	1.0	0.2	2.9
1964	3.4	1.3	5.2	2.0
1965	2.4	12.1	-4.7	1.3
1966	6.7	-1.7	11.7	5.8
1967	4.2	5.7	3.0	5.8
1968	9.8	1.4	13.2	8.9
1969	9.5	6.0	12.2	8.4
1970	10.3	5.6	10.4	10.2
1971	11.3	10.2	11.8	11.2
1972	11.9	4.0	14.2	12.4
1973	14.0	0.1	17.0	15.6
1974	8.2	1.3	8.5	10.6
1975	5.2	6.6	4.9	5.0
1976	10.3	2.4	11.7	11.6
1977	4.9	12.1	3.1	5.0
1978	5.0	-2.7	6.4	6.2
1979	5.8	4.7	6.8	7.8
1980	9.2	9.5	9.2	9.0
1981	-4.4	8.0	-8.9	-2.2
1982	0.7	-0.5	0.0	2.0
1983	-3.4	-0.6	-5.8	-0.8
1984	5.0	3.4	6.6	4.1
1985	8.3	10.0	8.3	6.5
1986	7.5	-8.0	11.8	8.3
1987	3.6	15.0	1.0	3.3
1988	-0.1	0.8	-2.6	2.3
1989	3.3	2.9	2.9	3.8
1990	-4.0	-3.7	-8.0	-0.8
1991	0.3	2.8	-1.8	1.6
1992	-0.8	5.4	-3.7	0.0
1993	4.2	-1.0	6.9	3.5
1994	6.0	9.3	7.0	4.2
1995	4.3	5.1	2.1	6.0
1996	2.9	3.1	2.3	3.0

Source: Based on information from Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Conjuntura Econômica [Rio de Janeiro], various issues; Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Estatísticas históricas do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 1990; and Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática--SIDRA 97 (Internet address: http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br).

Principal Components of the Current Account, 1970-96 (in millions of United States dollars)

Year	Exports	Imports1	Trade Balance	Net Services	Current Account2
1970	2,739	2,507	232	-815	-562
1971	2,904	3,245	-341	-980	-1,307
1972	3,991	4,235	-244	-1,250	-1,489
1973	6,199	6,192	7	-1,722	-1,688
1974	7,951	12,641	-4,690	-2,433	-7,122
1975	8,670	12,210	-3,540	-3,162	-6,700
1976	10,128	12,383	-2,255	-3,763	-6,017
1977	12,120	12,023	97	-4, 134	-4,037
1978	12,659	13,683	-1,024	-6,037	-6,990
1979	15,244	18,084	-2,840	-7,920	-10,742
1980	20,132	22,955	-2,823	-10,152	-12,807
1981	23,293	22,091	1,202	-13,135	-11,734
1982	20,175	19,395	780	-17,083	-16,311
1983	21,899	15,429	6,470	-13,415	-6,837
1984	27,005	13,916	13,090	-13,215	45
1985	25,639	13,153	12,486	-12,877	-241
1986	22,348	14,044	8,304	-13,694	-5,304
1987	26,224	15,052	11,172	-12,678	-1,436
1988	33,789	14,605	19,184	-15,104	4,174
1989	34,383	18,263	16,120	-14,800	1,564
1990	31,414	20,661	10,753	-15,369	-3,782
1991	31,620	21,041	10,579	-13,542	-1,407
1992	35,793	20,554	15,239	-11,339	6,143
1993	38,597	25,256	13,341	-15,585	-592
1994	43,545	33,079	10,466	-13,542	-1,689
1995	46,506	49,621	-3,115	-11,339	-17,742
1996	47,747	53,286	-5,539	-15,585	-24,347

Source: Based on information from Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Estatísticas históricas do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 1964-86; Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Anuário estatístico do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 1990; and Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Conjuntura Econômica [Rio de Janeiro], May 1991.

Nominal and Real Interest Rates in International Markets, 1970-96 (in percentages)

Year	Nominal LIBOR	Nominal United States Prime Rate	WPI Industrial Countries	Real LIBOR	Real United States Prime Rate
1970	8.9	7.7	4.1	4.8	3.6
1971	7.1	5.7	3.3	3.8	2.4
1972	6.0	5.3	4.0	2.0	1.3
1973	9.4	8.0	12.4	-3.0	-4.4
1974	10.8	10.8	21.0	-10.2	-10.2
1975	7.8	7.9	8.3	-0.6	-0.4
1976	6.1	6.8	7.1	-1.0	-0.3
1977	6.4	6.8	7.2	-0.8	-0.4
1978	9.2	9.1	5.7	3.5	3.4
1979	12.2	12.7	10.9	1.3	1.8
1980	14.0	15.3	13.8	0.2	1.5
1981	16.7	18.9	9.0	7.7	9.9
1982	13.6	14.9	5.4	8.2	9.5
1983	9.9	10.8	3.3	6.6	7.5
1984	11.3	12.0	3.6	7.7	8.4
1985	8.6	9.9	1.5	7.1	8.4
1986	6.9	8.4	-3.3	10.2	11.7
1987	7.3	8.2	0.9	6.4	7.3
1988	8.1	9.3	3.0	5.1	6.3
1989	9.3	10.9	4.4	4.9	6.5
1990	8.4	10.0	2.7	5.7	7.3
1991	6.1	8.5	0.6	5.5	7.9
1992	3.6	6.0	0.5	3.1	5.5
1993	3.4	6.0	0.5	2.9	5.5
1994	5.1	7.7	1.1	4.0	6.6
1995	5.9	9.0	3.1	2.8	5.9
1996	5.7	8.3	1.0	4.7	7.3

Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, Washington, various issues.

Table 7. Index of Real Gross Domestic Product, 1950-96 (1970=100)

Year	Index (in percentages)	Year	Index (in percentages)
1950	28.7	1974	155.1
1951	30.4	1975	163.2
1952	33.0	1976	179.1
1953	33.9	1977	187.4
1954	37.3	1978	196.5
1955	39.9	1979	210.6
1956	41.1	1980	229.9
1957	44.4	1981	219.8
1958	47.9	1982	221.1
1959	50.5	1983	213.5
1960	55.4	1984	224.8
1961	60.2	1985	242.7
1962	64.4	1986	261.1
1963	65.4	1987	270.5
1964	67.3	1988	270.3
1965	69.1	1989	279.2
1966	71.7	1990	267.9
1967	75.2	1991	270.8
1968	83.6	1992	268.4
1969	91.9	1993	279.7
1970	100.0	1994	295.8
1971	111.5	1995	308.5
1972	124.8	1996	317.4
1973	142.3

Source: Based on information from Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Estatísticas históricas do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 1990; Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Anuário estatístico do Brasil, various issues; and Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática--SIDRA 97 (Internet address: http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br).

Table 8. Index of Average Real Minimum Wage, 1960-96 (1980=100)

Year	Index (in percentages)	Year	Index (in percentages)
1960	129.94	1979	97.51
1961	149.25	1980	100.00
1962	127.14	1981	98.69
1963	114.95	1982	99.12
1964	119.89	1983	87.86
1965	113.68	1984	81.24
1966	102.40	1985	83.90
1967	98.14	1986	82.29
1968	98.80	1987	64.04
1969	97.43	1988	63.23
1970	95.56	1989	68.47
1971	95.82	1990	46.72
1972	92.69	1991	45.12
1973	96.24	1992	45.46
1974	90.83	1993	47.47
1975	77.36	1994	36.09
1976	95.52	1995	35.85
1977	95.83	1996	36.39
1978	97.92

Source: Based on information from Donald V. Coes, Macroeconomic Crises, Policies, and Growth in Brazil, 1964-90, Washington: World Bank, 1995; and Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Conjuntura Econômica [Rio de Janeiro], various issues.

Major Permanent Crops: Area Harvested, Production, Mean Productivity, Production Value, and Major Producing States, 1993

Main Product	Area Harvested (hectares)	Production (1,000 tons)	Mean Productivity (kilograms per hectare)	Production Value (millions of CR$)	Major Producing State
Apples	25,652	3,494	136,200	18,706	Santa Catarina
Avocados2	15,112	423	28,004	2,766	São Paulo
Bananas	520,014	558	1,073	39,994	Bahia
Cocoa (beans)	734,124	341	464	25,933	Bahia
Cashew nuts	726,140	77	106	5,600	Piauí
Coconut2	231,660	837	3,615	15,987	Bahia
Coffee (beans)	2,259,332	2,558	1,131	189,529	Minas Gerais
Cotton, seed (arboreous)	137,333	8	57	388	Ceará
Grapes	60,200	787	13,079	30,839	Rio Grande do Sul
Guavas2	8,479	1,392	164,172	2,737	São Paulo
Hevea (coagulated latex)	51,626	54	1,048	3,989	São Paulo
Lemons2	43,967	7,220	164,214	12,637	São Paulo
Mangoes2	53,107	1,610	30,316	6,548	São Paulo
Oranges2	800,505	93,986	117,408	223,355	São Paulo
Palm oil (nuts)	69,714	657	9,421	4,866	Pará
Papayas2	26,322	1,081	41,069	21,844	Bahia
Passion fruit2	32,539	3,004	92,324	7,943	Pará
Peaches2	18,954	1,273	67,173	6,153	Rio Grande do Sul


Pepper (black)	23,572	42	1,793	2,652	Pará
Sisal	179,105	126	703	3,327	Bahia
Tangerines2	48,586	4,891	100,663	10,397	São Paulo
Yerba maté (green leaves)	18,841	227	12,066	2,466	Rio Grande do Sul

Source: Based on information from Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Directoria de Pesquisas, Departmento de Agropecuária, Agricultural Production Survey [Rio de Janeiro], 1995.

Major Temporary Crops: Area Harvested, Production, Mean Productivity, Production Value, and Major Producing States, 1993

Main Product	Area Harvested (hectares)	Production (1,000 tons)	Mean Productivity (kilograms per hectare)	Production Value (millions of CR$)	Major Producing State
Beans (grain)	3,884,341	2,478	638	102,930	Paraná
Cassava	1,810,895	21,837	12,058	140,049	Pará
Corn (grain)	11,870,763	30,051	2,531	283,455	Paraná
Cotton, seed (herbaceous)	922,593	1,127	1,221	28,245	Paraná
Garlic	17,441	87	4,984	12,004	Santa Catarina
Onions	71,910	929	12,914	17,844	São Paulo
Pineapples	39,719	835	21,012	15,044	Paraíba
Potatoes	162,063	2,368	14,608	30,509	Paraná
Rice (paddy)	4,411,315	10,108	2,291	154,100	Rio Grande do Sul
Soybeans (grain)	10,635,300	22,575	2,122	232,973	Rio Grande do Sul
Sugarcane	3,864,488	244,344	63,227	317,622	São Paulo
Tobacco (leaves)	372,912	658	1,763	22,916	Rio Grande do Sul
Tomatoes	53,726	2,348	43,706	48,701	São Paulo
Wheat	1,462,741	2,156	1,474	38,467	Paraná

Number of Livestock and Poultry by Region, 1992 (in thousands)

Region	Cattle	Buffalo	Horses	Goats	Sheep	Hogs	Poultry
Center-West	48,788	127	954	164	418	3,341	30,787
North	15,847	877	550	267	328	4,216	30,437
Northeast	26,912	117	1,780	10,928	7,974	9,752	109,947
South	25,451	195	1,208	452	10,848	11,085	271,280
Southeast	37,443	107	1,837	350	387	6,139	197,174
TOTAL	154,441	1,423	6,329	12,160	19,956	34,532	639,625

Source: Based on information from Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Directoria de Pesquisas, Departamento de Agropecuária, Livestock and Poultry Production Survey [Rio de Janeiro], 1995.

Table 12. Monetary Units, 1942-94

Monetary Unit	Date Created	Relation to Preceding Unit
Cruzeiro (Cr$)	October 5, 1942	Cr$1.00=1,000 reis
Cruzeiro novo (NCr$)	February 8, 1967	NCr$1.00=Cr$1,000
Cruzeiro (Cr$)	May 15, 1970	Cr$1.00=NCr$1.00
Cruzado (Cz$)	February 28, 1986	Cz$1.00=Cr$1,000
Cruzado novo (NCz$)	January 15, 1989	NCz$1.00=Cz1,000
Cruzeiro (Cr$)	March 16, 1990	Cr$1.00=NCz$1,000
Cruzeiro real (CR$)	August 1, 1993	CR$1.00=Cr$1,000
Real (R$)	July 1, 1994	R$1.00=CR$2,750

Source: Based on information from Donald V. Coes, Macroeconomic Crises, Policies, and Growth in Brazil, 1964-90, Washington, 1995, 172.

Principal Components of the Balance of Payments, 1981-96 (in millions of United States dollars)

Year	Trade Balance	Net Services	Current Account	Capital Account	Interest Payments
1981	1,202	-13,135	-11,734	12,773	-9,161
1982	780	-17,083	-16,311	7,851	-13.494
1983	6,470	-13,415	-6,837	2,103	-11,008
1984	13,090	-13,215	45	253	-11,471
1985	12,486	-12,877	-241	-2,554	-11,259
1986	8,304	-13,694	-5,304	-7,108	-11,126
1987	11,172	-12,678	-1,436	-7,986	-10,318
1988	19,184	-15,104	4,174	-8,685	-12,085
1989	16,120	-14,800	1,564	-4,179	-12,016
1990	10,753	-15,369	-3,782	-4,715	-9,748
1991	10,579	-13,542	-1,407	-4,148	-8,621
1992	15,239	-11,339	6,143	25,271	-7,253
1993	13,341	-15,585	-592	10,115	-8,280
1994	10,466	-13,542	-1,689	14,294	-6,338
1995	-3,115	-11,339	-17,742	30,703	-8,158
1996	-5,539	-15,585	-24,347	n.a.	-9,840

Source: Based on information from Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Estatísticas históricas do Brasil, Section 11.6, Rio de Janeiro, 1981-86; Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Anuário estatístico do Brasil, 1986-88, Rio de Janeiro, 1990; and Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Conjuntura Econômica [Rio de Janeiro], various issues, 1989-96.

Public-Sector National Income Accounts, 1970-90

Year	Total Tax Receipts	Net Transfers	Interest on Domestic Debt	Interest on External Debt	Net Receipts of Public Sector	Total Noninterest Expenditures	Net Public- Sector Saving	Noninterest Public- Sector Surplus
	1	2	3	4	5=1-2-3-4	6	7=5-6	8=1-2-6
1970	26.3	8.8	0.5	0.1	17.0	11.3	5.6	6.2
1971	25.2	7.8	0.4	0.1	17.0	11.2	5.7	6.2
1972	25.9	7.8	0.3	0.2	17.7	10.7	7.0	7.5
1973	25.0	7.8	0.4	0.1	16.7	10.0	6.7	7.2
1974	25.1	8.2	0.4	0.1	16.4	9.4	7.0	7.5
1975	25.2	9.4	0.4	0.2	15.2	10.2	5.0	5.6
1976	25.1	8.8	0.5	0.2	15.7	10.5	5.2	5.9
1977	25.6	8.7	0.5	0.2	16.2	9.4	6.7	7.4
1978	25.7	10.0	0.5	0.2	15.0	9.7	5.3	6.0
1979	24.7	9.7	0.6	0.3	14.1	9.9	4.2	5.1
1980	24.7	11.6	0.8	0.4	11.9	9.2	2.7	3.9
1981	24.7	10.9	1.1	0.3	12.4	9.3	3.1	4.4
1982	25.3	11.1	1.1	1.1	12.0	10.0	1.9	4.2
1983	25.1	11.0	1.6	1.6	10.9	9.7	1.2	4.4
1984	21.8	9.4	2.4	1.8	8.3	8.3	0.0	4.2
1985	22.5	8.8	3.4	1.5	8.8	9.9	-1.0	3.8
1986	25.4	9.4	3.6	1.4	11.0	10.7	0.3	5.2

1987	23.3	9.1	3.1	1.4	9.6	12.2	-2.5	2.0
1988	21.9	8.4	3.1	1.7	8.6	12.6	-4.0	0.9
1989	21.9	9.4	6.1	2.0	4.4	14.3	-9.9	-1.8
1990	27.4	10.0	1.9	2.1	13.4	15.6	-2.2	1.8

Source: Based on information from Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Departamento Nacional de Contas, Rio de Janeiro, 1992.

Annual Inflation Rate, 1964-96 (in percent change in consumer price index)

Year	Index	Year	Index
1964	83.9	1981	109.9
1965	37.0	1982	95.4
1966	37.6	1983	154.5
1967	24.3	1984	220.6
1968	23.5	1985	225.5
1969	20.0	1986	142.3
1970	19.0	1987	224.8
1971	19.2	1988	684.5
1972	15.6	1989	1,320.0
1973	15.7	1990	2,739.7
1974	33.6	1991	414.7
1975	29.0	1992	991.4
1976	45.0	1993	2,103.7
1977	42.7	1994	2,406.8
1978	38.7	1995	14.8
1979	53.9	1996	9.3
1980	100.2

Source: Based on information from Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Conjuntura Econômica [Rio de Janeiro], various issues.

Nominal Tariff Rate Average by Sector, Selected Years, 1980-94 (in percentages)

Sector	1980	1990	1991	19921	19931	19941
Agricultural and forestry products	16.4	12.7	11.0	9.9	9.1	n.a.
Beverages	179.0	75.2	63.7	53.5	34.7	19.7
Chemicals	48.2	17.5	13.1	11.7	10.0	9.5
Clothing and foot- wear	181.2	38.3	33.6	27.0	20.3	16.4
Communications and electrical products	95.4	45.2	37.0	31.9	26.2	21.5
Food products	107.8	26.7	20.7	17.0	14.9	13.1
Furniture	148.2	38.6	31.7	24.7	20.0	20.0
Machinery and equipment	56.3	40.7	30.7	26.1	21.3	19.6
Metals	77.4	27.0	20.8	17.6	14.6	12.3
Mining	27.0	6.0	3.8	2.2	1.4	1.1
Nonmetallic mineral products	109.4	25.9	14.8	12.2	8.3	7.2
Paper and paper products	120.2	18.1	9.6	7.7	6.8	6.7
Perfumes and cosmetics	160.5	58.2	41.6	28.7	24.0	19.6
Pharmaceuticals	27.9	24.7	18.5	15.7	12.8	12.6
Plastics	203.8	39.2	35.3	30.0	21.5	18.8
Rubber and rubber products	107.3	51.4	36.7	29.3	20.7	15.2
Textiles	167.3	35.7	34.7	27.6	23.8	17.0
Tobacco products	184.6	79.1	69.5	60.0	37.3	19.1
Transportation equipment	101.9	47.0	37.0	31.4	25.7	21.3
Wood and wood products	125.3	21.1	11.3	10.7	10.2	9.9
Miscellaneous	87.0	43.9	35.0	28.5	22.4	17.3
Simple average	115.8	31.4	24.6	20.4	16.4	13.6
Standard deviation	51.7	17.7	15.2	12.6	9.3	6.9

Source: Based on information from Honório Kume and Guida Piani, "A política de importação no período 1991-1994," Rio de Janeiro, 1991.

About Brazil
Table A. Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations
Table B. Chronology of Important Events
Metric Conversion Coefficients and Factors
Extent of Brazil's Borderline Shared by Neighboring Countries and the Atlantic Ocean
Territory by Region and State
Geography
Brazil Data Center
Society
Economy
Transportation and Communications
Government and Politics
National Security

Historical Setting

The Indigenous Population
The Colonial Era, 1500-1815
- Frontier Expansion That Shaped Brazil
- Early Colonization
- French and Dutch Incursions
- Gold Mining Displaces Cane Farming
- The Transition to Kingdom Status
The Kingdom of Portugal and Brazil, 1815-21
The Empire, 1822-89
- Emperor Pedro I, 1822-31
- The Regency Era, 1831-40
- The Second Empire, 1840-89
The Republican Era, 1889-1985
- The Old or First Republic, 1889-1930
- The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54
- The Post-Vargas Republic, 1954-64
- The Military Republic, 1964-85

The Society and Its Environment

The Physical Setting
- Size and Location
- Geology, Geomorphology, and Drainage
- Soils and Vegetation
- Climate
- Geographic Regions
North / Northeast
South / Southeast
Center-West
- The Environment
Population
- Population Size and Distribution
- Mortality / Fertility
- Migration and Urbanization
Social Structure
Social Classes
- Gender
- Youth / Elderly
- Race and Ethnicity
- Amerindians
- Rural Groups
Cultural Unity and Diversity
- The Brazilian Way
- Language
- Mass Communications
- Family and Kinship
Religion
- Roman Catholicism
- Other Religions
Health Status and Health Care
- Indicators of Health
- Infectious and Chronic Diseases
- Nutrition and Diet
- The Health Care System
- Health Professionals and Resources
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Table 17. Foreign Trade by Major Product, Selected Years, 1978-96 (in millions of United States dollars)

Product	1978	1982	1986	1990	1996
Exports
Primary products
Coffee	1,947	1,858	2,006	1,102	1,719
Iron ore	1,028	1,847	1,615	2,409	2,693
Soybeans	1,050	1,619	1,253	1,609	3,743
Sugar	196	259	141	289	936
Other	1,757	2,655	2,265	3,342	3,094
Total primary products	5,978	8,238	7,280	8,751	12,185
Manufactured products
Iron and steel	172	795	1,179	1,644	2,574
Machinery	566	1,191	1,471	2,474	2,211
Orange juice	333	575	678	1,468	1,389
Transportation equipment	828	1,718	1,568	2,181	2,464
Other	4,605	7,407	9,999	14,318	26,103
Total manu- factured products	6,504	11,686	14,895	22,085	34,741
Other	177	251	173	578	821
Total exports	12,659	20,175	22,348	31,414	47,747
Imports
Chemicals	893	1,003	1,352	1,691	6,677
Fertilizers	309	239	325	319	426
Fuels and lubricants	4,483	10,457	3,540	5,363	6,906
Grain	702	848	823	251	2,105
Other	7,296	6,848	8,004	12,782	37,172
Total imports	13,683	19,395	14,044	20,406	53,286
TRADE BALANCE	-1,024	780	8,304	11,008	-5,539

Source: Based on information from Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Conjuntura Econômica [Rio de Janeiro], various issues; and Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Estatísticas históricas do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 1964-97.

Table 18. Party Members in the National Congress, Selected Years, 1987-97

Party Delegation	1987	1990	19911	1992	1993	1994	19951	1996	1997
Chamber of Deputies
Arena/PDS/PPR/PPB	32	32	42	45	69	67	53	89	79
MDB/PMDB	260	131	108	98	101	96	107	96	94
PCB/PPS	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2
PC do B	3	6	5	5	7	6	10	10	10
PDC	5	15	22	19	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
PDT	24	38	46	40	36	35	33	25	23
PFL	118	90	84	86	87	89	89	99	105
PL	6	13	15	18	14	16	13	9	10
PP	0	0	0	0	37	45	36	n.a.	n.a.
PRN	0	31	40	26	16	4	1	0	0
PSB	1	8	11	10	10	10	15	12	11
PSDB	0	60	38	40	45	48	62	83	97
PT	16	17	35	36	35	36	49	50	51
PTB	18	28	38	30	26	29	31	28	23
Other	1	23	16	47	17	19	12	10	8
Total Chamber of Deputies	487	495	503	503	503	503	513	513	513





Federal Senate
Arena/PDS/PPR/PPB	5	3	3	4	9	10	6	56	6
MDB/PMDB	44	22	27	26	27	27	22	24	22
PDC	1	7	4	3	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
PDT	2	5	5	6	4	5	6	3	2
PFL	16	13	15	17	17	14	19	22	24
PL	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
PP	0	0	0	0	4	4	5	n.a.	n.a.
PRN	0	3	3	5	5	3	0	0	0
PSB	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	3
PSDB	0	12	10	9	9	11	10	14	14
PT	0	0	1	1	1	1	5	5	5
PTB	1	4	8	8	4	4	5	4	4
Other	0	4	4	1	0	1	1	2	1
Total Federal Senate	72	75	81	81	81	81	81	81	81

Source: Based on official electoral data from the Chamber of Deputies and Federal Senate provided by David V. Fleischer.

Table 19. Election Results for the National Congress and for Governors, November 1982, and Composition of Electoral College, January 1985, by Party

	PDS	PMDB	PDT	PTB	PT	Total
National Congress
Federal deputies
Number	235	200	23	13	8	479
Percentage	49.0	41.8	4.8	2.7	1.7	100.0
Number of votes	17,780	17,674	2,393	1,829	1,449	41,125
Percentage of votes	43.2	43.0	5.8	4.5	3.5	100.0
Senators (number)	45	22	1	1	0	69
Governors (number)	13	9	1	0	0	23
Electoral college
Delegates (number)	81	51	6	0	0	138
Composition	361	273	30	14	8	686

Source: Based on information from preliminary election statistics reported by Brazil, Superior Electoral Court, Diário da Justiça [Brasília], November 28, 1983, 18630-86.

Table 20. Direct Elections for Governor by State and Party, 1982, 1986, 1990, and 1994: Winning Parties

State	1982	1986	1990	1994
Acre	PMDB	PMDB	PDS	PPR , PMDB
Alagoas	PDS	PMDB	PSC	PMDB
Amapá	n.a.	n.a.	PFL	PSB , PTB
Amazonas	PMDB	PMDB	PMDB	PPR
Bahia	PDS	PMDB	PFL	PFL , PMN
Ceará	PDS	PMDB	PSDB	PSDB
Espírito Santo	PMDB	PMDB	PDT	PT , PSD
Goiás	PMDB	PMDB	PMDB	PMDB , PP
Maranhão	PDS	PMDB	PFL	PFL , PPR
Mato Grosso	PDS	PMDB	PFL	PDT
Mato Grosso do Sul	PMDB	PMDB	PTB	PMDB
Minas Gerais	PMDB	PMDB	PTB	PP, PSDB
Pará	PMDB	PMDB	PMDB	PPR, PSDB
Paraíba	PDS	PMDB	PMDB	PMDB , PDT
Paraná	PMDB	PMDB	PMDB	PDT
Pernambuco	PDS	PMDB	PFL	PSB
Piauí	PDS	PMDB	PFL	PFL, PMDB
Rio de Janeiro	PDT	PMDB	PDT	PSDB , PDT
Rio Grande do Norte	PDS	PMDB	PFL	PMDB
Rio Grande do Sul	PDS	PMDB	PDT	PMDB , PT
Rondônia	n.a.	PMDB	PTR	PMDB , PDT
Roraima	n.a.	n.a.	PTB	PTB , PSDB
Santa Catarina	PDS	PMDB	PFL	PPR, PMDB
São Paulo	PMDB	PMDB	PMDB	PSDB , PTB
Sergipe	PDS	PFL	PFL	PDT, PSDB
Tocantins	n.a.	PDC	PMDB	PPR
Federal District	n.a.	n.a.	PTR	PTB, PT

Source: Based on official electoral data provided by David V. Fleischer.

Table 21. Municipal Elections in the 100 Largest Cities, 1988, 1992, and 1996

	1988		1992		1996
Party	Percentage of Votes	Electorate	Percentage of Votes	Electorate	Percentage of Votes	Electorate
PDC	5	870,195	3	741,047	n.a.	n.a.
PDS/PPB	10	1,371,263	7	6,822,597	11	8,462,240
PDT	17	8,403,612	15	4,167,710	15	3,783,676
PFL	9	2,373,601	7	1,822,170	86	6,346,293
PL	2	294,793	0	0	2	257,567
PMDB	20	4,211,092	29	9,420,266	164	3,687,305
PRN	2	373,098	1	92,062	0	n.a.
PSB	3	857,004	4	1,021,615	8	2,528,380
PSDB	8	3,065,788	13	3,307,923	21	4,495,374
PT	12	9,269,506	12	4,297,722	9	2,357,134
Party	Percentage of Votes	Electorate	Percentage of Votes	Electorate	Percentage of Votes	Electorate
PTB	12	2,529,370	5	1,375,581	6	1,248,537
Other	0	0	4	550,629	4	452,744
TOTAL	100	33,619,322	100	33,619,322	100	33,619,322

Source: Based on information from Superior Electoral Court provided by David V. Fleischer.

Table 22. Presidential Election, November 15, 1989: First-Round Results

Candidate	Party	Number of Votes	Percentage of Votes Cast
Fernando Collor de Mello	PRN	20,611,030	28.5
Luis Inácio "Lula" da Silva	PT	11,622,321	16.1
Leonel Brizola	PDT	11,167,665	15.5
Mário Covas	PSDB	7,790,381	10.8
Pedro Maluf	PDS	5,986,585	8.3
Afif	PL	3,272,520	4.5
Ulysses Guimarães	PMDB	3,204,996	4.4
Roberto Freire	PCB	769,117	1.1
Aureliano	PFL	600,821	0.8
R. Caiado	PSD	488,893	0.7
A. Camargo	PTB	379,284	0.5
Other	n.a.	1,732,273	2.6
Total valid votes	n.a.	67,625,886	n.a.
Blank	n.a.	1,176,367	1.6
Void	n.a.	3,487,963	4.8
Total votes cast	n.a.	72,290,216	100.0
Abstention	n.a.	9,784,502	n.a.
ELECTORATE	n.a.	82,074,718	n.a.

Source: Based on information from Superior Electoral Court provided by David V. Fleischer.

Table 23. Presidential Election, December 17, 1989, by Size of Municipal Electorate: Second-Round Results

Second-Round Results	Municipalities by Size of Electorate (1,000s)
Second-Round Results	Above 200	100 to 200	50 to 100	20 to 50	10 to 20	5 to 10	2 to 5	Fewer Than 2	Total Brazil
Percentage of votes cast
Fernando Collor de Mello	39.2	44.0	48.1	55.4	59.4	61.9	62.6	60.2	49.9
Luis Inácio "Lula" da Silva	55.0	50.2	45.9	38.6	34.8	32.6	32.1	34.6	44.2
Blank	0.9	1.1	1.3	1.7	1.9	2.0	1.9	1.7	1.4
Void	5.0	4.8	4.7	4.3	3.9	3.6	3.5	3.6	4.4
Total1	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of votes cast	23,667,147	6,061,773	6,854,092	11,516,793	10,568,698	7,651,427	3,693,667	247,104	70,260,701
Number of munici- palities	40	49	113	449	956	1,371	1,329	268	4,575
Percentage of voters1	33.7	8.6	9.8	16.4	15.1	10.9	5.3	0.4	100.0

Source: Based on information from Superior Electoral Court provided by David V. Fleischer.

Table 24. Composition of the Federal Senate, Chamber of Deputies, and State Assemblies by Party, 1991 and 1995

Party	Federal Senate		Chamber of Deputies		State Assemblies
Party	1991	1995	1991	1995	1991	1995
PCB/PPS	0	1	3	2	3	3
PC do B	0	0	5	10	8	8
PDS-PDC/PPR	7	6	65	53	133	113
PDT	5	6	47	33	91	88
PFL	15	19	82	89	171	159
PL	0	1	16	13	51	50
PMDB	22	22	108	107	214	205
PMN	0	0	1	4	6	18
PRN	3	0	40	1	73	2
PRP	0	0	0	1	0	7
PSB	1	1	11	15	17	34
PSC	0	0	6	3	13	19
PSD	0	0	1	3	2	20
PSDB	10	10	37	62	74	93
PT	1	5	35	49	83	92
PTB	8	5	38	31	79	72
PTR-PST/PP	0	5	4	36	25	54
PV	0	0	0	1	0	4
Other	4	0	4	0	6	4
TOTAL	76	81	503	513	1,049	1,045

Source: Based on official electoral data provided by David V. Fleischer.

Table 25. Presidential Election, October 3, 1994: First-Round Results

Candidate	Party	Number of Votes	Percentage of Electorate	Percentage of Votes Cast1	Percentage of Valid Votes1
Fernando Henrique Cardoso	PSDB-PFL-PTB	34,365,895	36.3	44.1	54.3
Luis Inácio "Lula" da Silva	PT-PSB-PC do B- PPS-PV- PSTU	17,122,384	18.1	22.0	27.0
Enéas Ferreira Carneiro	Prona	4,671,540	4.9	6.0	7.4
Orestes Quêrcia	PMDB-PSD	2,772,242	2.9	3.6	4.4
Leonel Brizola	PDT	2,015,853	2.1	2.6	3.2
Esperidão Amin	PPR	1,739,926	1.8	2.2	2.8
Carlos Gomes	PRN	387,756	0.4	0.5	0.6
Hernani Fortuna	PSC	238,209	0.3	0.3	0.4
Total valid votes		63,313,805	n.a.	n.a.	100
Blank		7,192,255	7.6	9.2	n.a.
Void		7,444,197	7.9	9.6	n.a.
Total votes cast		77,950,257	n.a.	100	n.a.
Abstention		16,832,153	17.8	n.a.	n.a.
ELECTORATE		94,782,410	100	n.a.	n.a.

Source: Based on information from final electoral data of Superior Electoral Court, November 15, 1994, provided by David V. Fleischer.

Table 26. Party Blocs in the National Congress, 1995

Bloc and Party	Seats in Federal Senate	Seats in Chamber of Deputies
Pro-government
PFL	19	89
PSDB	10	62
PTB	5	31
Total pro-government	34	182
Potential government allies
PL	1	13
PMDB	22	107
PP	5	36
PPR	6	53
Total potential government allies	34	209
Undefined
PMN	0	4
PRN	0	1
PRP	0	1
PSC	0	3
PSD	0	3
Total undefined	0	12
Opposition
PC do B	0	10
PDT	6	33
PPS	1	2
PSB	1	15
PT	5	49
PV	0	1
Total opposition	13	110
TOTAL	81	513

Source: Based on official electoral data provided by David V. Fleischer.

Table 27. Regional Strength of Parties by Blocs in the Chamber of Deputies, 1995 (in percentages of region's votes)

Bloc and Party	Center- West	North	North- east	South	South- east	Brazil
Pro-government
PFL	7.3	12.3	33.8	13.0	9.5	17.3
PSDB	7.3	7.7	13.9	3.9	16.8	12.1
PTB	7.3	9.2	1.3	7.8	7.8	6.0
Total pro-govern- ment	21.9	29.2	49.0	24.7	34.1	35.4
Potential government allies
PL	2.4	1.5	1.3	0.0	5.0	2.5
PMDB	26.9	26.2	19.9	22.0	17.9	20.9
PP	17.1	9.2	4.0	7.8	6.1	7.0
PPR	7.3	23.2	4.6	15.6	8.9	10.1
Total potential government allies	53.7	60.1	29.8	45.4	37.9	40.5
Undefined
PMN	0.0	0.0	2.0	0.0	0.6	0.8
PRN	2.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
PRP	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.2
PSC	0.0	1.5	1.3	0.0	0.0	0.6
PSD	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	1.1	0.6
Total undefined	2.4	1.5	4.0	0.0	2.3	2.4
Opposition
PC do B	4.9	1.5	1.3	1.3	2.2	2.0
PDT	4.9	1.5	4.6	13.0	7.2	6.6
PPS	2.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.4
PSB	0.0	3.1	6.7	0.0	1.7	2.9
PT	9.8	3.1	4.6	15.6	13.4	9.6
PV	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.2
Total opposition	22.0	9.2	17.2	29.9	25.7	21.7
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of seats	(41)	(65)	(151)	(77)	(179)	(513)

Source: Based on official electoral data provided by David V. Fleischer.

Table 28. Military Expenditures (ME), Armed Forces (AF), Gross National Product (GNP), Central Government Expenditures (CGE), and Population, 1984-95

Year	ME (millions of US dollars; constant 1994)	AF (1,000s)	GNP (millions of US dollars; constant 1994)	CGE (millions of US dollars; constant 1994)	Population (millions)	ME/GNP (percentages)	ME/CGE (percentages)	ME per Capita (US dollars; constant 1994)	AF per 1,000 Population (soldiers)	GNP per Capita (US dollars; constant 1994)
1984	3,630	459	432,300	131,300	134.3	0.8	2.8	27	3.4	3,220
1985	3,843	496	468,500	186,900	136.8	0.8	2.1	28	3.6	3,424
1986	4,789	527	510,300	192,100	139.5	0.9	2.5	34	3.8	3,657
1987	5,494	541	532,600	258,800	142.3	1.0	2.1	39	3.8	3,744
1988	7,559	319	530,900	196,200	145.0	1.4	3.9	52	2.2	3,662
1989	8,402	319	554,200	219,400	147.7	1.5	3.8	57	2.2	3,753
1990	9,078	295	532,200	197,700	150.1	1.7	4.6	60	2.0	3,546
1991	7,194	295	537,100	148,300	152.3	1.3	4.9	47	1.9	3,526
1992	6,674	296	74,200	188,100	154.5	1.2	3.5	43	1.9	3,716
1993	8,296	296	602,100	246,600	156.7	1.4	3.4	53	1.9	3,844
1994	7,365	296	625,500	237,900	158.7	1.2	3.1	46	1.9	3,940
1995	10,900	285	656,500	276,800	160.7	1.7	3.9	68	1.8	4,084

Source: Based on information from United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1996, Washington, 1996, 62.

Table 29. Major Army Equipment, 1997

Type and Description	Country of Origin	In Inventory
Medium battle tanks
Leopard 1A4	Germany	88
Light tanks
M-3A1	United States	150
M-41B/C	United States	296
Armored personnel carriers
EE-11 Urutu	Brazil	219
M-59	United States	20
M-113	United States	584
Armored reconnaissance vehicles
EE-9 Cascavel	Brazil	409
M-8	United States	30
Mortars
81mm	n.a.	n.a.
M-30	n.a	217
120mm	n.a.	85
Recoilless launchers
57mm M-18A1	n.a.	240
75mm M-20	n.a.	20
105mm	n.a.	n.a.
106mm M-40A1	n.a.	n.a.
Light antitank guided weapons
Cobra	United States	300
Aérospatiale Milan 3 (600-meter Eryx and 2,000-meter Euromissile)	France	n.a.
Air defense weapons		200
20mm, 35mm	n.a.	n.a.
35mm GDF-001	n.a.	n.a.
40mm L-60/-70 (some with BOFI)	n.a.	n.a.
Roland II SAM	France	2
Artillery
Towed	n.a.	504
155mm M-114	n.a.	98
105mm M-101/-102 (including 320 Model 56 pack)	n.a.	353
Special 105mm M-7/-108	n.a.	74
Coastal 57mm, 75mm, 120mm, 150mm, 152mm, 305mm	n.a.	240
Medium-range launchers
SS-06 108mm	n.a.	n.a.
Astros II	Brazil	4
Helicopters
Aérospatiale SA-365K Dauphins	France	36
Aérospatiale AS-550 Fennec	France	15
Aérospatiale AS-350L-1 Esquilos (armed)	France	26
Aérospatiale AS-355	France	16

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1997-1998, London, 1997, 209.

Table 30. Major Naval Equipment, 1997

Type and Description	Country of Origin	In Inventory
Navy
Aircraft carrier
Minas Gerais (Colossus-class)	Britain	1
Missile destroyers
Mato Grosso-class	United States	3
Missile frigates	Britain, Germany, United States	18
Corvettes
Inhaúma-class	n.a.	5
Submarines
Humaitá (Oberon)-class	Britain	3
Tupi-class (Type 209/1400)	Germany	3
Patrol and coastal combatants	n.a.	35
Mine countermeasures vessels
Aratú-class	Germany	6
Amphibious	United States	4
Support and miscellaneous	n.a.	26
Lighthouse tenders and auxiliary hydrographic vessels
River-class	Britain	3
Naval Aviation
Naval helicopters (armed)	n.a.	54
Sikorsky S-70A Black Hawk	United States	4
SH-3B antisubmarine warfare	United States	6
SH-3D antisubmarine warfare	United States	7
SH-3G/H antisubmarine warfare	United States	6
Lynx HAS-21 attack	Britain	5
Lynx MK-21A	Britain	9
AS-332 utility	France	5
AS-350 armed utility	France	12
AS-355 armed utility	France	9
TH-57 training	United States	13
Marines
Reconnaissance
EE-9 Mk IV Cascavels	Brazil	6
Amphibious armored vehicles
Transport landing vehicle, tracked personnel (LVTP-7A1)	n.a.	11
Armored personnel carriers
M-113	United States	28
EE-11 Urutu	Brazil	5
Towed artillery
105mm	n.a.	31
M-101	United States	15
L118	n.a.	18
155mm	n.a.
M-114	United States	6
Mortars
Self-propelled, 81mm	United States	2
Rocket launchers
3.5-inch, M-20, 89mm	United States	n.a.
Recoilless launchers
M-40A1, 106mm	United States	8
Air defense guns
L/70 40mm with BOFI	n.a.	6

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1997-1998, London, 1997, 210; and George Palaczi-Horvath, "Brazil: Choices for a Navy with a Tight Budget," Naval Forces, 17, No. 1, 1996, 42-49.

Table 31. Major Air Force Equipment, 1997

Type and Description	Country of Origin	In Inventory
Fighters
F-103E/D (Mirage IllE/DBR)	United States	16
Ground-attack fighters
F-5E/-B/-F	United States	46
AMX	Brazil	32
Counterinsurgency aircraft
AT-26 (EMB-326)	Brazil	58
Reconnaissance aircraft
RC-95	United States	4
RT-26	United States	10
Learjet 35 Reconnaissance/VIP	United States	12
RC-130E	United States	3
Transports
C-130H	United States	9
KC-130H	United States	2
KD-137	United States	4
C-91	United States	12
C-95A/B/C	United States	18
C-115	United States	17
VC-91	United States	1
VC/VU-93	United States	12
VC-96	United States	2
VC-97	United States	5
VU-9	United States	5
Boeing 737-200	United States	2
VH-4 helicopters	United States	3
C-115	United States	7
C-95A/B/C	United States	86
EC-9 (VU-9)	United States	6
Helicopters
Aérospatiale AS-332 (armed)	France	6
Aérospatiale AS-355	France	8
Bell 206	United States	4
HB-350B	United States	27
OH-6A	United States	4
OH-13	United States	25
Trainers
C-95A/B/C	United States	97
AT-26	United States	38
EMB-110	Brazil	97
EMB-ALX (AT-29)	Brazil	100
T-23	Brazil	25
T-25	Brazil	98
T-27 (Tucano)	Brazil	61
AMX-T	Brazil	14
Air-to-air missiles
AIM-9B Sidewinder	United States	n.a.
R-530	United States	n.a.
Magic 2	France	n.a.
Liaison/observation
T-27	Brazil	8
U-7	Brazil	31
UH-1H (armed)	United States	29
C-42	United States	50
Cessna 208	United States	3
U-42	United States	30
Antisubmarine warfare
S-2	United States	5
S-2A	United States	7
S-2E	United States	6
Marine reconnaissance/search and rescue
EMB-110B	Brazil	11
EMB-111	Brazil	20

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1997-1998, London, 1997, 210.

Table 32. Number of Fellowships Granted by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, 1995

Fellowships	In Brazil	Abroad	Total
Undergraduate (iniciação científica )	18,790	n.a.	18,790
Graduate, nondegree (aperfeiçoamento )	2,397	n.a.	2,397
Master's (M.A.) degree students (mestrado )	10,960	5	10,965
Doctoral (Ph.D.) degree students	4,965	1,475	6,440
Postdoctoral fellowships	89	293	382
Senior training (estágios senior )	n.a.	21	21
Salary supplement for faculty and full-time researchers (bolsas de pesquisa )	3,594	n.a.	3,594
TOTAL	25,906	n.a.	25,906

Source: Based on information provided by Simon Schwartzman.

Table 33. Signed Contracts of the Funding Authority for Studies and Projects, 1996

Signed Contracts	Number of Contracts	Total Value (US$1,000)	Percentage	Average Value (US$1,000)
Loans
To industry: Support Program for Technological Development of Industry	1	180,939	50.0	3,547
To consulting firms: Support Program for Users of Con- sulting Services	10	33,758	9.3	3,375
To any firm: Support Program for Total Quality Manage-ment	26	76,626	21.1	2,947
Total loans	87	291,323	80.4	3,348
Grants to National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development	491	61,003	16.8	124.2
Grants to World Bank Sector Loan to the Program in Support of Scientific and Tech-nological Development	128	9,896	2.7	77.3
TOTAL	706	362,222	100.0	513

Source: Based on information from Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Diretoria operacional da Finep, 1997.

Table 34. Fellowships of the Council for Advanced Professional Training Granted in 1991 and 1995

Fellowships	In Brazil (spontaneous demand)	In Brazil (other)	Abroad
Undergraduate	889	n.a.	n.a.
Graduate, nondegree	n.a.	113	823
Master's (M.A.) degree	10,307	1,517	64
Doctoral (Ph.D.) degree	3,596	2,895	958
Postdoctoral	n.a.	n.a.	67
"Sandwich" programs, M.A.and Ph.D. levels	n.a.	n.a.	104
For retired professors	2893	n.a.	n.a.
Other	n.a.	n.a.	1033
TOTAL	12,042	3,395	1,756

Source: Based on information from Coordenação para o Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Relatório de atividades [São Paulo], 1990 and 1991; and Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Relatório de atividades [São Paulo], 1997.

Table 35. Budget of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development by Main Line of Activity, 1980-95 (in millions of United States dollars)

Year	Fellowships	Grants	Institutes	Administration	Other	Total
1980	43.5	23.8	27.0	41.8	4.4	140.5
1981	50.0	23.5	31.8	44.9	2.6	152.8
1982	75.8	39.8	36.1	36.7	2.4	190.8
1983	78.5	32.4	31.0	33.1	3.7	178.7
1984	75.1	26.5	28.3	33.9	6.2	169.9
1985	100.7	47.6	37.9	38.4	6.0	230.5
1986	105.1	56.7	39.4	31.0	8.4	240.6
1987	216.9	57.6	68.0	75.1	5.2	422.8
1988	302.2	59.1	62.6	60.0	5.6	489.5
1989	303.5	43.2	109.9	62.5	29.2	547.9
1990	242.7	56.7	69.3	49.7	20.2	438.6
1991	311.5	26.6	41.3	35.3	20.0	434.7
1992	259.6	10.2	41.1	23.3	14.2	348.4
1993	347.6	41.3	49.9	30.6	14.3	483.7
1994	459.7	19.9	48.4	28.8	27.0	583.8
1995	498.2	34.6	88.1	38.5	21.0	687.7

Source: Based on information from Brazil, Ministry of Science and Technology, Relatório de atividades [Brasília], 1995, 169, 172-73.

Table 36. Expenditures for Science and Technology in the State of São Paulo, 1996

Institution	Expenditures (in Brazilian reais (R$))
DCET/Funcet	500
FAPESP	230,667
Universities
University of São Paulo	767,488
Campinas State University	338,176
Unesp	363,072
Institutes
IPT	42,398

Source: Based on information from São Paulo Federation to Support Research (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa de São Paulo--FAPESP) and São Paulo State Secretary of Science, Technology, and Economic Development, 1997.

Table 37. Education Obtained by the Higher Education Professorate, 1983 (in percentages)

Level of Education	Federal Institutions	State Institutions	Municipal Institutions	Private Institutions	Total
No undergrad-uate degree	0.28	0.06	0.13	0.15	0.17
Undergrad- uate	19.29	21.41	18.09	26.87	23.111
Specialization	31.32	33.03	63.95	49.65	41.501
Master's (M.A.) degree	30.43	19.18	13.88	17.1	21.531
Doctoral (Ph.D.) degree	18.68	26.31	3.95	6.24	13.691
Number of indi-viduals	48,959	28,248	6,843	71,726	155,776
M.A. degrees granted	56.7	31.2	n.a.	12.1	100.0
Ph.D. degrees granted	35.6	57.9	n.a.	6.4	100.0

Source: Based on information from Brazil, Ministério da Educação, Serviço de Estatística da Educação e Cultura (SSEC), Brasília, 1997; and Brazil, Ministério da Educação, Council for Advanced Professional Training (Conselho para o Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior--CAPES), Brasília.

1.Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

2.--- means negligible.

3.Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

4.Area under litigation between Ceará and Piauí.

5.Includes area of State District of Fernando de Noronha (18.4 square kilometers).

6.Administered by Espírito Santo.

7.n.a.--not available.

8.Free on board.

9.Figures may not add to balances because of rounding. Current account balance includes unilateral transfers (not shown).

10.Interest rates are averages for the year.

11.The LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) is the rate on six-month deposits in United States dollars.

12.The WPI (Wholesale Price Index) is a weighted average for twenty-two industrialized countries.

13.Preliminary estimate.

14.Includes only those products with area harvested of more than 100,000 hectares or production value of more than CR$2 billion (for value of the cruzeiro real--see Glossary).

15.Production expressed in millions of fruits, and mean productivity expressed in fruits per hectare.

16.Production expressed in millions of bunches, and mean productivity expressed in bunches per hectare.

17.Includes only those products with production value more than CR$10 billion (for value of the cruzeiro real--see Glossary).

18.Production expressed in millions of fruits, and mean productivity expressed in fruits per hectare.

19.Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

20.n.a.--not available.

21.Includes social security and other net transfers to private sector.

22.Interest on domestic debt excludes monetary correction.

23.Includes public-sector spending on wages and salaries and expenditure for goods and services.

24.The price index on which the series is based is the Indice Geral de Preços--Disponibilidade Interna (General Index of Prices--Internal Availability).

25.Projected.

26.n.a.--not available.

27.Free on board. Figures may not add to totals or balances because of rounding.

28.Result of election the previous year.

29.Aliança Renovadora Nacional (National Renewal Alliance).

30.Partido Democrático Social (Democratic Social Party).

31.Partido Progressista Renovador (Progressive Renewal Party).

32.Partido Progressista Brasileiro (Brazilian Progressive Party).

33.Merged with PP and PPR to form PPB in September 1995.

34.Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement).

35.Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party).

36.Partido Comunista Brasileiro (Brazilian Communist Party).

37.Partido Popular Socialista (Popular Socialist Party).

38.Partido Comunista do Brasil (Communist Party of Brazil).

39.Partido Democrático Cristão (Christian Democratic Party).

40.Merged with PDS to form PPR in April 1993; n.a.--not available.

41.Partido Democrático Trabalhista (Democratic Labor Party).

42.Partido da Frente Liberal (Liberal Front Party).

43.Partido Liberal (Liberal Party).

44.Partido Progressista (Progressive Party).

45.Partido da Reconstrução Nacional (National Reconstruction Party).

46.Partido Socialista Brasileiro (Brazilian Socialist Party).

47.Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

48.Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party).

49.Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party).

50.Partido Democrático Social (Democratic Social Party).

51.Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party). Merged with Progressive Party (Partido Progressista--PP) in February 1992.

52.Partido Democrático Trabalhista (Democratic Labor Party).

53.Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party).

54.Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party).

55.In thousands. Excludes 5,286,684 blank and 2,058,459 void ballots.

56.Includes forty-four senators elected in 1978 and three new seats elected from Rondônia. At the end of 1983, the PMDB acquired its twenty-second seat, because the alternate elected in 1978 had since left Arena for the PP and then the PMDB. Thus, the PDS lost its two-thirds majority.

57.Only twelve PDS governors were elected directly. Governor of Rondônia was appointed through 1987.

58.Includes six delegates representing the majority party in each of the twenty-two state assemblies. Because of a tie in Mato Grosso do Sul, the PDS and PMDB each got three delegates.

59.Includes federal deputies, senators, and delegates. Met on January 15, 1985.

60.Nine states elected governors in the first round (October 3, 1994), and eighteen states elected governors in the second round (November 15, 1994). Italicized party won.

61.Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party).

62.Partido Democrático Social (Democratic Social Party).

63.Partido Progressista Renovador (Progressive Renewal Party).

64.Partido Social Cristão (Social Christian Party).

65.n.a.--not available.

66.Partido da Frente Liberal (Liberal Front Party).

67.Partido Socialista Brasileiro (Brazilian Socialist Party).

68.Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party).

69.Partido da Mobilização Nacional (National Mobilization Party).

70.Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

71.Partido Democrático Trabalhista (Democratic Labor Party).

72.Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party).

73.Partido Social Democrático (Social Democratic Party).

74.Partido Progressista (Progressive Party).

75.Partido Democrático Cristão (Christian Democratic Party). Elected in 1988.

76.Partido Trabalhista Renovador (Workers Renewal Party).

77.Partido Democrático Cristão (Christian Democratic Party). Merged with PDS/PPB in 1993.

78.n.a.--not available.

79.Partido Democrático Social (Democratic Social Party)/Partido do Povo Brasileiro (Brazilian People's Party).

80.Won São Paulo.

81.Partido Democrático Trabalhista (Democratic Labor Party).

82.Won Rio de Janeiro.

83.Lost Rio de Janeiro.

84.Partido da Frente Liberal (Liberal Front Party).

85.Partido Liberal (Liberal Party).

86.Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party).

87.Won Rio de Janeiro.

88.Partido da Reconstrução Nacional (National Reconstruction Party).

89.Partido Socialista Brasileiro (Brazilian Socialist Party).

90.Won Belo Horizonte.

91.Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

92.Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party).

93.Won São Paulo.

94.Lost São Paulo.

95.Lost Belo Horizonte.

96.Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party).

97.Partido da Reconstrução Nacional (National Reconstruction Party).

98.Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party).

99.Partido Democrático Trabalhista (Democratic Labor Party).

100.Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

101.Partido Democrático Social (Democratic Social Party).

102.Partido Liberal (Liberal Party).

103.Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party).

104.Partido Comunista Brasileiro (Brazilian Communist Party).

105.Partido da Frente Liberal (Liberal Front Party).

106.Partido Social Democrático (Social Democratic Party).

107.Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party).

108.n.a.--not applicable.

109.Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

110.Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

111.Three seats sub judice.

112.Partido Comunista Brasileiro (Brazilian Communist Party).

113.Partido Popular Socialista (Popular Socialist Party).

114.Partido Comunista do Brasil (Communist Party of Brazil).

115.Partido Democrático Social (Democratic Social Party).

116.Partido Democrático Cristão (Christian Democratic Party).

117.Partido Progressista Renovador (Progressive Renewal Party).

118.Partido Democrático Trabalhista (Democratic Labor Party).

119.Partido da Frente Liberal (Liberal Front Party).

120.Partido Liberal (Liberal Party).

121.Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party).

122.Partido da Mobilização Nacional (National Mobilization Party).

123.Partido da Reconstrução Nacional (National Reconstruction Party).

124.Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado (Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat).

125.Partido Socialista Brasileiro (Brazilian Socialist Party).

126.Partido Social Cristão (Social Christian Party).

127.Partido Social Democrático (Social Democratic Party).

128.Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

129.Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party).

130.Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party).

131.Partido Trabalhista Renovador (Workers Renewal Party).

132.Partido Social Trabalhista (Social Workers Party).

133.Partido Progressista (Progressive Party).

134.Partido Verde (Green Party).

135.Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

136.Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

137.Partido da Frente Liberal (Liberal Front Party).

138.Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party).

139.Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party).

140.Partido Socialista Brasileiro (Brazilian Socialist Party).

141.Partido Comunista do Brasil (Communist Party of Brazil).

142.Partido Popular Socialista (Popular Socialist Party).

143.Partido Verde (Green Party).

144.Partido Social Trabalhista Unificada (Unified Social Workers Party).

145.Partido da Redefinição da Ordem Nacional (National Order Redefinition Party).

146.Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party).

147.Partido Social Democrático (Social Democratic Party).

148.Partido Democrático Trabalhista (Democratic Labor Party).

149.Partido Progressista Renovador (Progressive Renewal Party).

150.Partido da Reconstrução Nacional (National Reconstruction Party).

151.Partido Social Cristão (Social Christian Party).

152.n.a.--not applicable.

153.Partido da Frente Liberal (Liberal Front Party).

154.Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

155.Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party).

156.Partido Liberal (Liberal Party).

157.Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party).

158.Partido Progressista (Progressive Party).

159.Partido Progressista Renovador (Progressive Renewal Party).

160.Partido da Mobilização Nacional (National Mobilization Party).

161.Partido da Reconstrução Nacional (National Reconstruction Party).

162.Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado (Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat).

163.Partido Social Cristão (Social Christian Party).

164.Partido Social Democrático (Social Democratic Party).

165.Partido Comunista do Brasil (Communist Party of Brazil).

166.Partido Democrático Trabalhista (Democratic Labor Party).

167.Partido Popular Socialista (Popular Socialist Party).

168.Partido Socialista Brasileiro (Brazilian Socialist Party).

169.Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party).

170.Partido Verde (Green Party).

171.Partido da Frente Liberal (Liberal Front Party).

172.Partido Social Democracia Brasileira (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

173.Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party).

174.Partido Liberal (Liberal Party).

175.Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party).

176.Partido Progressista (Progressive Party).

177.Partido Progressista Renovador (Progressive Renewal Party).

178.Partido da Mobilização Nacional (National Mobilization Party).

179.Partido da Reconstrução Nacional (National Reconstruction Party).

180.Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado (Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat).

181. Partido Social Cristão (Social Christian Party).

182. Partido Social Democrático (Social Democratic Party).

183. Partido Comunista do Brasil (Communist Party of Brazil).

184. Partido Democrático Trabalhista (Democratic Labor Party).

185. Partido Popular Socialista (Popular Socialist Party).

186. Partido Socialista Brasileiro (Brazilian Socialist Party).

187. Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party).

188. Partido Verde (Green Party).

189.n.a.--not available.

190.Bofors Optronic Fire-Control Instrument.

191.n.a.--not available.

192.Bofors Optronic Fire-Control Instrument.

193.n.a.--not available.

194.Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep). Figures refer to contracts that may span several years, and not to expenditures.

195.Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Tecnológico da Indústria Nacional (ADTEN).

196.Programa de Apoio aos Usuários de Serviços de Consultória (AUSC).

197.Programa de Apoio à Gestão de Qualidade (AGQ).

198.Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (FUNDCT).

199.Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (PADCT).

200.Coordenação Fundação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

201."Spontaneous demand" refers to grants given to people who apply individually, as opposed to grants given to institutions and agency projects. For example, CAPES has a fellowship program designed for teachers in the federal universities, but the program also accepts applicants from the general public.

202.Figures for 1991.

203.n.a.--not available.

204."Sandwich" fellowships are those given for students in graduate programs in Brazil to spend a year or similar period in a foreign institution.

205.Includes special projects.

206.Includes debt-service payments, fringe benefits to employees (for food, nursery, and transportation), and persons working for other government agencies.

207.For value--see Glossary.

208.Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia (Department of Science and Technology)/Fundo Estadual de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (State Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development).

209.Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa de Estado de São Paulo (São Paulo Federation to Support Research).

210.Universidade de São Paulo (USP).

211.Universidade Estadual de Campinas.

212.Universidade Estadual Paulista (São Paulo State University).

213.Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (Institute for Technological Research).

214.As given. Figures do not appear to be totals.

215.n.a.--not available.

Brazil Data Center

Real Rate of Growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and of Agriculture, Industry, and Services Sectors, 1950-96 (in percentages)

Principal Components of the Current Account, 1970-96 (in millions of United States dollars)

Nominal and Real Interest Rates in International Markets, 1970-96 (in percentages)

Table 7. Index of Real Gross Domestic Product, 1950-96 (1970=100)

Table 8. Index of Average Real Minimum Wage, 1960-96 (1980=100)

Major Permanent Crops: Area Harvested, Production, Mean Productivity, Production Value, and Major Producing States, 1993

Major Temporary Crops: Area Harvested, Production, Mean Productivity, Production Value, and Major Producing States, 1993

Number of Livestock and Poultry by Region, 1992 (in thousands)

Table 12. Monetary Units, 1942-94

Principal Components of the Balance of Payments, 1981-96 (in millions of United States dollars)

Public-Sector National Income Accounts, 1970-90

Annual Inflation Rate, 1964-96 (in percent change in consumer price index)

Nominal Tariff Rate Average by Sector, Selected Years, 1980-94 (in percentages)

Table 17. Foreign Trade by Major Product, Selected Years, 1978-96 (in millions of United States dollars)

Table 18. Party Members in the National Congress, Selected Years, 1987-97

Table 19. Election Results for the National Congress and for Governors, November 1982, and Composition of Electoral College, January 1985, by Party

Table 20. Direct Elections for Governor by State and Party, 1982, 1986, 1990, and 1994: Winning Parties

Table 21. Municipal Elections in the 100 Largest Cities, 1988, 1992, and 1996

Table 22. Presidential Election, November 15, 1989: First-Round Results

Table 23. Presidential Election, December 17, 1989, by Size of Municipal Electorate: Second-Round Results

Table 24. Composition of the Federal Senate, Chamber of Deputies, and State Assemblies by Party, 1991 and 1995

Table 25. Presidential Election, October 3, 1994: First-Round Results

Table 26. Party Blocs in the National Congress, 1995

Table 27. Regional Strength of Parties by Blocs in the Chamber of Deputies, 1995 (in percentages of region's votes)

Table 28. Military Expenditures (ME), Armed Forces (AF), Gross National Product (GNP), Central Government Expenditures (CGE), and Population, 1984-95

Table 29. Major Army Equipment, 1997

Table 30. Major Naval Equipment, 1997

Table 31. Major Air Force Equipment, 1997

Table 32. Number of Fellowships Granted by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, 1995

Table 33. Signed Contracts of the Funding Authority for Studies and Projects, 1996

Table 34. Fellowships of the Council for Advanced Professional Training Granted in 1991 and 1995

Table 35. Budget of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development by Main Line of Activity, 1980-95 (in millions of United States dollars)

Table 36. Expenditures for Science and Technology in the State of São Paulo, 1996

Table 37. Education Obtained by the Higher Education Professorate, 1983 (in percentages)

Real Rate of Growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and of Agriculture, Industry,
and Services Sectors, 1950-96 (in percentages)